If the ATM debited the amount but didn't dispense cash, don't withdraw again until you've checked your balance.
Steps
Note the location of the machine, the time, and the transaction amount.
Then, contact your card issuer bank and file a complaint about a "debit without cash" transaction, obtaining a reference number.
If the ATM belongs to a different bank, your card's bank remains your starting point.
The figures, fees and limits in this answer vary by bank and change over time — confirm them with your bank or the official source before acting.